Oct. 12, 2023 – What if a pair of sticker-like sensors could transform your earbuds into a powerful health monitor capable of flagging brain or mood disorders, and treating them with sounds or electrical pulses in real time? Engineers at the University of California, San Diego, are developing flexible sensors, small enough to fit on earbuds, that can record electrical brain activity and lactate levels in sweat. Someday, the sensors could monitor and treat conditions in the here and now, playing sounds or using electrical stimulation to influence brain activity, an emerging type of therapy known as electroceuticals . “We can hijack the auditory signal to drive brain states towards more desirable outcomes,” said Gert Cauwenberghs, PhD, a head engineer involved in developing the sensors and a professor of bioengineering at UCSD Jacobs School of Engineering. “Those things are possible now that we can close the loop between producing sounds and measuring brain activity.” In a study published in Nature Biomedical Engineering , the sensors proved just as effective as traditional monitoring methods like electroencephalogram (EEG) headsets for brain activity and blood samples for lactate levels. But unlike those methods, the sensors could be worn continuously outside the clinic as patients go about their lives. The sensors are “spring-loaded” to maintain tight contact with the ear and covered with a hydrogel film to absorb sweat. They can send data to the earbuds, which then transmit it to a smartphone or laptop via Bluetooth. Using in-ear devices to track health is not new. But this is the first to combine brain and body sensors, opening the door for all kinds of research and clinical advances. What Could This Tech Do? The researchers say this technology could be used to help diagnose and treat a long list of conditions, from brain-related diseases like Parkinson’s, Alzheimer’s, and epilepsy to mood conditions like posttraumatic stress disorder, anxiety, and depression. It could also detect and treat strokes, tinnitus, sleep apnea, and traumatic brain injuries. Plenty of research has explored wearables for remote patient monitoring, but in-ear wearables could be especially useful for conditions that impact the brain. Patients being tested for epilepsy, for example, could be monitored remotely, even wearing the sensors at night to catch seizures that may have gone undetected, said Erik Viirre, MD, fitness PhD, a professor of neurosciences at UCSD who was not involved in the research. When used with the EEG readings, changes in lactate could provide more evidence for a diagnosis. Lactate tends to rise after a seizure, for example. Higher lactate may also signal diabetes or heart disease. And tracking lactate may prove useful in sport performance. But arguably the most exciting potential use is a “closed loop” system that can monitor and treat conditions automatically, without human intervention. In patients with tinnitus, a ringing in the ears due to abnormal brain activity, the device could monitor the condition and test a variety of sounds, playing those that reduce the markers of tinnitus, said Viirre. The tech could treat sleep disorders, cognitive degeneration, panic attacks, or chronic pain in a similar way – delivering music, deep-breathing instructions, positive mantras, or electrical stimulation, and adjusting therapies based on real-time response. When Can You Get This Tech? It will likely take years for the device to be tested and approved for clinical use, Cauwenberghs said. But everyday people could see in-ear wearables that track similar data sooner than that, as more companies enter the growing market of “hearables,” earbuds that double as health trackers. The ear is a prime location, Cauwenberghs said. It’s close enough to the brain to get a reading, and people already wear earbuds for long periods. So, tech adoption shouldn’t be a big barrier. The company NextSense is working on an EEG-reading hearable, and STAT Health recently announced an in-ear device that can track blood flow to the head and predict fainting spells. Viirre envisions a world where hearables can record even more bio data, like hormone levels, blood glucose, and stress markers. “Smartwatches can give you a lot of data, but in a way it’s very limited,” said Cauwenberghs. “Doctors don’t use it; it’s more like a gadget.” Adding the closed loop technology could be “the difference between being able to see the weather forecast and being able to do something about the hurricane.” “With this closed loop of biofeedback and neurofeedback, our vision goes way beyond monitoring,” he said.
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